An Annotated Bibliography - A Warning - Working Group on Christian Jewish Relations

An Annotated Bibliography

Prof Robert Anderson’s bibliography appeared first in print in Marianne Dacy (1994 ed.) Pathways to Understanding, a Handbook on Christian-Jewish Relation(Melbourne, Victorian Council of Churches). Some additional items touching on other subjects have been included in some sections headed See also:Jewish publications may be available at:

• Gold's Book and Gift Company, William Street, Balaclava.

• Temple Beth Israel Bookshop, Alma Road, East St. Kilda.

The following notes may help readers make more efficient use of the list:

1. The references are graded as follows:

* Works of an introductory nature that help to set the scene

** Those which may also prove useful to preachers and teachers

*** More specialist types of studies.

2. The works listed have been limited, in the main, to those that are still in print and/or are readily available in good theological libraries.

3. What has been produced here is by no means exhaustive. Readers who wish to move further afield should consult the titles under Section C below.

4. The suggested New Testament works are those that specifically relate to the issue of Jewish-Christian relations, ancient and modern.

A. GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY

1. CHURCH STATEMENTS

2. GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS

3. HISTORICAL STUDIES

4. JEWISH APPROACHES TO DIALOGUE

B. PARTICULAR TOPICS

1. NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES

2. JESUS AS A JEW

3. JESUS, JUDAISM AND TORAH

4. CHRISTOLOGY

5. THE PHARISEES

6. TRIAL AND DEATH OF JESUS

7. ANTIJUDAISM - ANTISEMITISM

8. HOLOCAUST (SHOAH)

9. ISRAEL – LAND STATE

C. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

A. GENERAL AND INTRODUCTORY

1. COLLECTIONS OF CHURCH STATEMENTS: With introduction and/or commentary.

*Brockway, Allan et.al. (editors and commentators). The Theology of the Churches and the Jewish People: Statements by the World Council of Churches and its Member Churches. Geneva: WCC Publications, 1988.

This collection of church documents ranges over the period, 1948 to 1987. An unfortunate omission is the Church of Scotland General Assembly's "Christians and Jews Today" (May 1985). The commentaries are very helpful.

*Croner, Helga (ed.) Stepping Stones to further Jewish-Christian Relations. London/New York: Stimulus Books, 1977.

Contains almost all the documents issued from the churches, Roman Catholic, Protestant and ecumenical (WCC), since the Second World War up to 1975.

*Croner, Helga (ed). More Stepping Stones to Jewish-Christian Relations.New York: Paulist Press, 1985.

This is an updating of Stepping Stones...(1977) and includes documents issued form 1975 to 1983 plus two admissions from the earlier collection. Though, with the exception of the statements which emanate from the Vatican, the status of each is unclear. This is an indispensable work for those interested in what has been and is being said on the various topics.

2. GENERAL INTRODUCTIONS TO JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELATIONS.

*Braybrooke, Marcus. Time to Meet. Towards a Deeper Relationship between Jews and Christians. London/Philadelphia: SCM Press/Trinity Press International, 1990.

If you have not read anything in the area of Jewish/Christian relations, this is where to begin. The former General Secretary of the British Council of Christians and Jews offers commentary on the major church documents followed by perceptive treatment of all the central topics. This is essential reading.

*Fisher, E.J., A. James Rudin and M.H. Tanenbaum. Twenty years of Jewish-Catholic Relations. New York: Paulist Press, 1986. Essential for any work with Roman Catholic congregations, schools and other bodies.

*Fisher, E.J. and Leon Klenicki. In Our Time: The Flowering of Jewish-Catholic Dialogue. New York: Paulist Press, 1990.

Contains the official Vatican statements (1965, 1974 and 1985) with an Appendix showing development and clarification since Nostra Aetate. (n.4). Of great value is an annotated bibliography of works in the field compiled by Eugene Fisher.

*Pawlikowski, John T. What are they Saying about Christian-Jewish relations? New York: Paulist Press, 1980.

No one is better equipped to answer the question posed by the title than Fr. John Pawlikowski. All the major issues are there, and treated with the author's accustomed perceptiveness, though the material now needs to be brought up to date. An annotated bibliography attends to works written up to 1978.

*Petuchowski, Jakob J. (ed). When Jews and Christians Meet. New York: State University of New York Press, 1988.

Raises the question, "Where are we going?", to which Jacob Agus, Clemens Thoma and Geoffrey Wigoder offer responses. A further section deals with "From theory to practice" and this is followed by a Jewish and Christian interpretation of Jeremiah 31:31-34.

**Shermis, Michael and Arthur E. Zannoni (eds). Introduction to Jewish-Christian Relations. New York: Paulist Press, 1991.

Leading scholars in the field write on various topics including the Holocaust as a tragedy of Christian history, intermarriage of Jews and Christians, antisemitism or anti-Judaism?, the Land Israel in the dialogue and the theology of religious pluralism. Especially important is Michael Cook's essay on the New Testament and its impact on Jewish-Christian relations.

*Wigoder, Geoffrey. Jewish-Christian Relations since the Second World War.Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press, 1988.

The General Editor of the Encyclopedia Judaica and an expert in this area has provided here the keenest Jewish commentary on the various church statements.

*Wilson, Marvin R. Our Father Abraham. Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans, 1989.

It is only in the last decade that the evangelical (or biblically conservative) wing of Protestantism has formally entered the arena of Jewish/Christian relations. Marvin Wilson, Professor of Biblical and Theological Studies at Gordon College, Wenham, Mass. is at the forefront of this new venture. What he has produced here must be of immediate interest to evangelicals, and must be attended to by them, but its reading public should include Christians of all persuasions. The questions for discussion at the end of each chapter proved an added bonus.

See also:

Paskes, James (1969) Voyage of Discoveries (British Council of Christians & Jews, autobiographical)

Disputation and Dialogue – Readings in the Jewish Christian Encounter(1975)

3. HISTORICAL STUDIES

Boys, Mary C, Has God Only One Blessing: Judaism as a Source of Christian Self-Understanding, A Stimulus Book, New York, Paulist Press, 2000.

**Callum, Terrance. Forgetting the Root. The Emergence of Christianity from Judaism. New York: Paulist Press, 1986.

Christianity was born within Judaism. How it emerged from it and finally, and irrevocably, broke with it is a long and complex story. Terrance Callam sees the process as hinging on two crucial points viz. "first, the church's decision that Gentile Christians need not keep the Jewish law; and second, the eventual decline of Jewish membership within the church". This is a small book packed full of scholarly information and interpretation.

Carroll, James, Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews, New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001.

In this book the author maps the profoundly troubling two-thousand-year-old course of the Church's battle against Judaism.

***Edwards, John. The Jews in Christian Europe. 1400-1700. London/New York: Routledge, 1988.

This is one of the very few historical studies that have concentrated upon the Jewish experience in Western Europe and Poland. It covers, among other matters, the expulsion of Jews from Spain and their consequent dispersion, the effect upon Jewish life of the Renaissance, Reformation, and Counter-Reformation and the situation of Jews and Christians on the eve of the Enlightenment.

Eisenbaum, Pamela, Paul was not a Christian: The Original Message of a Misunderstood Apostle, San Francisco, HarperOne, 2009.

The author argues convincingly that Paul was not the founder of Christianity or a zealous convert from Judaism; he remained a devout Jew who believed that Jesus would unite Jews and Gentiles and fulfil God's universal plan for humanity.

Hall, Sidney, G III, Christian Anti-Semitism and Paul's Theology, Minneapolis Minnesota, Fortress Press, 1993.

This book seeks to answer the question, is Christianity irredeemably anti-semitic.

Kung, Hans, Judaism: Between Yesterday and Tomorrow, New York, The Continuum Publishing Company, 1995.

In this book Judaism is not seen as a past "Old Testament", but as an independent religion with amazing continuity, vitality and dynamism.

Merkle, John C., (Ed.), Faith Transformed: Christian Encounters with Jews and Judaism, Collegeville, Minnesota, Liturgical Press, 2003.

Christian scholars share how their encounters with Jews and Judaism have transformed their understanding and practice of Christian faith.

Neusner, Jacob, Judaism in the Beginning of Christianity, Minneapolis, Fortress Press, 1984.

A brief overview of the history and religion of Israel and an analysis of the Judaic legacy among those who did not become Christians.

***Sanders, Jack T. Schismatics, Sectarians, Dissidents, Deviants. The first one hundred years of Jewish-Christian relations. London: SCM Press, 1993.

The aim of this very significant work is to bring to bear on the question of the relationship between Christians and Jews in the first century of the Common Era all the available evidence i.e. not merely the extant texts but what is provided by the many archaeological discoveries. Sanders makes a distinction between attitudes and relationships. The latter is something experienced, the former something expressed. This is a very important, though seldom observed distinction. Only a close study of the literature and an appreciation of other material evidence will provide the possiblity of discovering the true nature of the relationship between the two communities, in the Diaspora as well as the Homeland.

*Saperstein, Marc. Movements of Crisis in Jewish-Christian Relations. London: SCM Press, 1989.

The four delineated moments of crisis are: Late Antiquity, the High Middle Ages, the Age of the Reformation, and the modern period up to the Holocaust. A fifth is the present with its "Burdens and Opportunities". This is eighty pages of essential reading from an eminent Jewish scholar.

**Siker, Jeffrey S. Disinheriting the Jews. Abraham in Early Christian Controversy. Louisville Kentucky: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1991.

The figure of Abraham, accepted by both Jews and Christians as the father of faith, is used by Professor Siker to show the way in which the church, step by step, moved away from its initial Jewish setting. Particularly instructive is the closing chapter, "From Gentile inclusion to Jewish exclusion".

***Simon, Marcel. Verus Israel. A Study of the Relations between Christians and Jews in the Roman Empire (AD 135-425).

Simon's classic work first appeared in his native French in 1948. This English translation is not updated beyond the 1964 edition but its usefulness is not diminished because of that. There is a Supplementary Bibliography and there are also English translations of the quoted Greek, Latin and German texts. The year 135 C.E. was chosen because, as the final year of the Bar Kokhba War, it signals a clear stage in Jewish and Christian relationships. The year 425 C.E. is generally taken to be the time when the Jewish Patriarchate, so central in both Homeland and Diaspora Jewry, came to an end. By that time Church alignment with the State (the Roman Empire) had been underway for a century. The formative fourth century had run its course and both Judaism and Christianity were assuming their historic forms and roles.

***Wood, Diana (ed). Christianity and Judaism. Papers read at the 1991 Summer meeting and the 1992 Winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992.

That the theme of Christianity and Judaism was taken up by meetings of the prestigious (British) Ecclesiastical History Society is due to the interest and concern of the President of the Society, Professor Barrie Dobson of Cambridge. Both Jewish and Christian historians have contributed to this very important collection, among them, Barrie Dobson, John Edwards, David Katz, Nicholas de Lange and Yaakov Ariell. In the Preface Diana Wood comments "The number and variety of the contributions in this volume clearly demonstrate the significance and interest of the subject..." One might add the appreciative note that, at last, ecclesiastical historians have entered the area of Jewish-Christian relations.

4. JEWISH APPROACHES TO JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELATIONS

**Cohn-Sherbock, Dan. Issues in Contemporary Judaism. London: Macmillan, 1991.

Some of the issues attended to in this book impinge upon matters bearing upon Jewish-Christian relations. These are: Judaism and Christian Antisemitism (Ch 7), Obstacles to Jewish-Christian Encounter (Ch 8), A New Vision of Jewish-Christian Encounter (Ch 9) and Judaism and the Universal Faiths (Ch 11). Readers will find other chapters of interest, not least the first which is on Jewish Faith and the Holocaust.

**Croner, Helga and Leon Klenicki (eds). Issues in the Jewish-Christian Dialogue. Jewish Perspectives on Covenant, Mission and Witness. New York: Paulist Press, 1979.

Eight Jewish scholars here attend to some of the key issues in conversation between Christians and Jews and give, not only reactions to Christian understanding, but insight into how Jews regard these matters in the context of a pluralist society.

**Klenicki, Leon (ed). Toward a Theological Encounter, Jewish Understandings of Christianity. New York: Paulist Press, 1991.

As the sub-title makes clear the authors of this collection of papers are all Jewish scholars. They include Rabbi Norman Solomon, one of the keenest proponents of dialogue in the U.K., David Novak and Michael Wyschogrod. Solomon examines the various themes involved in Christian-Jewish relations raising the problems as well as the opportunities. Wyschogrod looks at the Christian understanding of the Trinity and the Incarnation and examines both the Christian and the Jewish attitudes to Torah. Their views, and those of their colleagues, are expressed eruditely and frankly.

***Novak, David. Jewish-Christian Dialogue. A Jewish Justification. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

A noted Jewish philosopher and perceptive interpreter of the Jewish experience here sets forth positive reasons, philosophical and theological, why Jews should be engaged in dialogue with Christians. No other work is as sustained as this in the treatment of the issue from a Jewish perspective.

*Rosenberg, Stuart E. The Christian Problem. A Jewish View. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1986.

This is not an attack on Christianity and Christians but it is a straight forward and honest questioning of many traditional church attitudes and claims written by a noted rabbi who has been wholeheartedly engaged in Jewish Christian relations for decades. This is an important contribution to Christian self-understanding.

See also:

Fleg, Edmond (1943) Why I am a Jew

Jocz, Jacob (1966) Christians and Jews – Encounter and Mission (a Hebrew Christian, Toronto)

Neusner, Jacob (1987) Christian Faith and the Bible of Judaism

Wouk, Herman (1960) This is my God (an introduction to Jewish life).

Zudema, Willem (1977) God’s Partner (re a Dutch minister in a Jewish community)

See also:

Books of Jewish Prayer and Liturgy

The Complete Artscroll SIDDUR. A new translation and anthologized commentary by Rabbi Nosson Scherman. (Mesorah Publications Ltd.)

Gates of Prayer: The New Union Prayer Book for Synagogues 1975 (Central conference of American Rabbis, NY)

Gates of Repentance (Prayers for High Holy Days) ), Central Conference American Rabbis.

Gates of Understanding ed. Lawrence Hoffman. (Central Conference of American Rabbis) Companion volume to the above.

On the Doorposts of Your House (Prayers for Families), Central Conference American Rabbis

B. PARTICULAR TOPICS

1. NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES and use of the N.T. in preaching, teaching and liturgy.

** Beck, Norman A. Mature Christianity. The Recognition and Repudiation of the Anti-Jewish Polemic of the New Testament. London/Toronto: Susquehanna University Press/Associated University Press, 1985.

In this important work a noted American Lutheran biblical scholar calls for a cessation to the use of the New Testament which fails to treat seriously the context in which it arose. It is compulsory reading if this issue is to be grappled with seriously.

**Charlesworth, James H. Jews and Christians. Exploring the Past, Present, and Future. New York: Crossroad, 1990.

Each paper (with one exception) in this collection was delivered at a gathering of scholars in Philadelphia in May 1987 and is accompanied by discussion. Contributors include J.C. Beker ("The New Testament view of Judaism"), D. Moody Smith ("Judaism and the Gospel of John"), Hans J. Hillerbrand ("Martin Luther and the Jews") and Robert T. Osborn ("The Christian blasphemy: A non-Jewish Jesus"). The volume contains some of the best available scholarly work on topics central to Jewish-Christian relations.

**Kingsbury, Jack Dean. Conflict in Luke. Jesus, Authorities, Disciples. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991.

A leading specialist in synoptic gospels studies here presents a literary or narrative approach to Luke. The gospel is a story, central to which, of course, is Jesus. But intertwined with this are the stories of conflict with the Jewish authorities and the (Jewish) disciples. The major conflict is with Israel, the religious authorities, at the heart of which is the issue of authority. Towards the end of the gospel this conflict intensifies to the point where Jesus is presented as "taking over" the Temple for the purpose of his teaching. Meanwhile the authorities plot his death. The reading of Kingsbury's work is enhanced if this statement of his is born in mind"...Luke tends to stereotype them [the authorities] as a single group, and his portrait of them is strongly polemical" (p105).

Parkinson, Lorraine, Made on Earth: how gospel writers created the Christ, Melbourne, Spectrum Publications, 2016.

This book sets out the contexts, sources and beliefs used to create each of the highly individual canonical gospels.

***Richardson, Peter (ed). Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity. Vol. 1 Paul and the Gospels. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1986.

Wilson, Stephen G. Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity. Vol. 2 Separation and Polemic. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1986.

These two volumes contain papers delivered at a series of seminars on "Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity" under the auspices of the Canadian Society of Biblical Studies. Volume 1 contains articles on the state of the question (William Klassen), Paul and the Law in Gal. 2-3 (Lloyd Gaston), the trial of Jesus (C.P. Anderson), anti-Judaism and the passion narrative in Luke - Acts (Gaston) and in the fourth Gospel (David Granshaw), among others. Volume 2 takes up issues such as anti-Judaism in Hebrews (Klassen), Marcion and the Jews (Stephen Wilson) and Judaism, Christianity and Gnosticism (Alan P. Segal). It concludes with Gaston's "Retrospect" which singles out the main topics and attempts to summarize the findings on each.

*** Sanders, E.P. Paul and Palestinian Judaism. A Comparison of Patterns of Religion. London: SCM Press, 1977.

Early in this work Sanders takes to task those influential scholars, among them Bousset, Schurer, Bultmann, Conzelmann and their heirs, who have received uncritically and passed on to their students and readers a view of Judaism which sees it "as a religion of legalistic works-righteousness". This is followed by an examination of the Tannaitic literature, the Dead Sea Scrolls and certain Aprocryphal and Pseudepigraphical writings (viz. I Enoch, Jubilees, the Psalms of Solomon and IV Ezra) which provide an understanding of Judaism in terms of what Sanders calls "covenantal nomism" in which "the gift and demand of God were kept in a healthy relationship with each other" i.e. not as in the Christian theological caricature. The second section of the book is devoted to a study of Paul and an examination of where and why his view and that of Judaism differed.

** Sanders, Jack T. The Jews in Luke - Acts. London: SCM Press, 1987.

On the question of the New Testament presentation of Jews and Judaism attention has mainly centered upon the Fourth Gospel and that of Matthew. It has often been assumed that Luke requires no such specific examination. In this volume Sanders clearly indicates that such is not the case. Luke's presentation of the Pharisees is much more nuanced than that of Matthew and the motive that lies behind that must be scrutinised. Sanders understands the anti-Jewish polemic in Luke - Acts as arising not from the experience of Jewish persecution which he sees, in whatever form it took, as belonging to a time prior to Luke. With Etienne Troume (though not without certain differences) he holds that the polemic arises over the issue of the inclusion of Gentiles. This arouses the ire of non-Christian Jews and leads to a display of hypocrisy on the part of the Christian Jews. Both are attacked by Luke for Christianiy, though originating in Judaism, is now a Gentile religion.

Spong, J. S., Biblical Literalism - a Gentile Heresy, New York, HarperOne, 2016.

The chapters flow as a set of readings to complement the synagogue readings set down for the Jewish lectionary for the year after Passover. Spong convincingly outlines why Matthew without Judaism is unintelligible.

**Stanton, Graham N. A Gospel for a New People. Studies in Matthew. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1992.

This important work by an authoritative scholar contains several chapters in which issues pertaining to the general area of relationships between Jews and Christians are dealt with particularly, "The Gospel of Matthew and Judaism" (Five) and "Aspects of early Christian - Jewish polemic and apologetic" (Ten). Stanton presents Matthew's community (in Syria?) as seeing itself as a "beleaguered sect" acting with anger and frustration against continued "Jewish rejection of Christian claims" and "Jewish hostility towards the new community". The process of separation of the two is not yet complete. For specialists in N.T. studies this will continue the debate about methodology, Redaction Criticism, recent advances in literary and rhetorical criticism and the contribution of the social-scientific perspective. For all readers it will raise the issue of why the Gospel is in its present form.

*Williamson Clark M. and Ronald J. Allen. Interpreting Difficult Texts. Anti-Judaism and Christian Preaching. London/Philadelphia: SCM Press/Trinity Press International, 1989.

The authors acknowledge that anti-Judaism has been a frequent ingredient in Christian preaching and that it can be traced back to certain texts within the New Testament itself. Failure to come to terms with this perpetuates teaching and attitudes that continue to be harmful to Jews and to Judaism. The final chapter is entitled "Eliminating Anti-Judaism from Worship". This is a practical contribution to an age-old problem and is essential reading, not least for preachers.

2. THE JEWISHNESS OF JESUS

**Charlesworth, James H. (ed). Jesus' Jewishness. Exploring the place of Jesus in Early Judaism. New York: Crossroad, 1991.

This work contains essays by both Jewish and Christian scholars, among them, Geza Vermes ("Jesus the Jew"), John P. Meier ("Reflections on Jews-of-History research today"), Ellis Rivkin ("What crucified Jesus?") and Hans Kung ("Christianity and Judaism"). This is merely a sample of the richness of this volume.

**Lee, Bernard J. The Galilean Jewishness of Jesus. Retrieving the Jewish Origins of Christianity. New York: Paulist Press, 1988.

The author is a systematic/philosophical theologian who has put his mind to the question of the relatedness of Jesus to the Judaism into which he was born and which he continued to cherish throughout his life. Fr. Lee sees Jesus essentially as "the anointed eschatological prophet". This understanding, while putting at risk many traditional Christian interpretations, does offer the possibility of a non-supersessionist Christology.

*Vermes, Geza. Jesus the Jew. A Historian's Reading of the Gospels. London: Fontana/Collins, 1976

Vermes is determined that it is possible to gain insights into the Jesus of history if all the materials available to the historian are utilized. Christian readers may wish to say something more about Jesus than they are presented with in this learned work by the Oxford Jewish scholar, Geza Vermes, but they will appreciate the contribution that he has made to this burgeoning part of New Testament (and related) studies.

3. JESUS AND JUDAISM / JESUS AND THE TORAH ("LAW")

***Charlesworth, James H. Jesus within Judaism. New light from ExcitingArchaeological Discoveries. New York: Doubleday, 1988.

Sub-titles like that above are off-putting and often misleading. This is another important contribution to "Jesus of history" research and few scholars are better equipped than Charlesworth to introduce the reader to the raw material of that research. There is an introductory chapter on the scholarly work in this area in the eighties. This is followed by overviews of what may be learnt from th O.T. Pseudepigraphics, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Nag Hammadi Codices, and Josephus. There is an Annotated Bibliography of works, published since 1980.

**Sanders, E.P. Jesus and Judaism. London: SCM Press, 1985.

Sanders intention is to place Jesus firmly within the Judaism of his day; to determine what it is that may confidently be said of Jesus in light of the available evidence; to discern what it was that constituted the intention and program of Jesus; and why it was that he was put to death. For Sanders there must be a causal connection between the last two. These are all central issues in "Jesus research" and this contribution is essential reading.

*** Sanders, E.P. Jewish Law from Jesus to the Mishnah. Five Studies.London/Philadelphia: SCM Press/Trinity Press International, 1990.

No non-Jewish scholar, certainly in the English-speaking world, is as conversant with the relevant Rabbinic literature as is E.P. Sanders. Indeed, very few Christian New Testament scholars evince any sound knowledge of first century C.E. Judaism let alone expertise in Rabbinic writings. Of particular importance in this contribution of Sanders is the opening chapter, "The Synoptic Jesus and the Law: Conflicts and agreement in comparison with other contemporary debates". By placing the issue of Jesus' attitude to the Torah in the context of the "other contemporary debates" i.e. on Torah interpretation and practice Sanders is able to make a distinction between those matters where Jesus' disagreement with his contemporaries was of consequence and those where it was not. This is essential reading, not least for scholars.

4. CHRISTOLOGY

*McGarry, Michael B. Christology after Auschwitz. New York: Paulist Press, 1977.

McGarry sees the "main condition for fruitful dialogue" as "the Christian repudiation of the supersessionist theory" i.e. that the mission of the Jewish people has been taken over by the Church. He subjects Vatican statements to scrutiny in the light of this position. Though written prior to Notes... (1985) this is still a valuable contribution to the attempt to formulate a Christology that is not at the expense of Judaism.

**Pawlikowski, John T. Christ in the Light of the Christian-Jewish Dialogue.New York: Paulist Press, 1982.

The author has recognized that, so far as Christians are concerned, not least the self-understanding of the Church, at the heart of the dialogue there are momentous Christological questions. He examines the work of a number of leading systematic theologians e.g. Kung, Pannenberg, Moltmann and Schillebeeckx, and finds their work, at least in this respect, inadequate. The final chapter is devoted to the impact of the Holocaust on Christology.

***Van Buren, Paul M. Discerning the Way. A Theology of the Jewish-Christian Reality. New York: The Seabury Press, 9180

- A Christian Theology of the People of Israel. New York: The Seabury Press, 1983

- Christ in Context. San Francisco; Harper & Row, 1988

These are three of a projected four-volume series with the general title, A Theology of the Jewish-Christian Reality. It is an important undertaking, part of the purpose of which is to set Christian theology within the context of God's purpose for humanity - "The Way" - and specifically within the context of Israel's story "which is still unfolding". The inclusion of the Gentiles in the divine covenant, through Christ, is, in fact, their inclusion and not the exclusion of Israel. As Eugene Fisher comments, this should be required reading for all theologians.

5. THE PHARISEES

**Rivkin, Ellis. The Hidden Revolution. The Pharisees' Search for the Kingdom Within. Nashville: Abingdon, 1978.

This is a necessary corrective to the long-transmitted and near intransigent caricature of the Pharisees which has stemmed from an uncritical reading of the New Testament. Rivkin analyses evidence for the Pharisees in the New Testament, the works of Josephus (Jewish historian of the first century C.E.), and the Rabbinic literature.

***Schurer, Emil. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ. Vol. 1, II and III, and 2. Revised and edited by Geza Vermes, Fergus Millar and other. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1973-1987.

Originally published in 1885 this monumental work on what the author and his contemporaries conceived to be Spatjudentum (Late Judaism) was seen as that hitherto noted religion's epitaph. The anti-Judaistic, if not anti-Jew bias, has been removed and the whole work thoroughly revised and updated by leading scholars in the field. There is an invaluable Index in III.2. The section on the Pharisees is in Volume II pages 381 to 403. The "New Schurer" is an indispensable tool for any serious students of the period.

6. THE PASSION, TRIAL, AND DEATH OF JESUS

***Cohen, Haim. The Trial and Death of Jesus. New York: KTAV, 1977.

In this exhaustive work by a former Chief Justice of Israel's High Court there is an analysis of both the Jewish and the Roman legal material that bears on the issue. Cohen sees no evidence to support the claim that Jesus was brought before a formal Jewish court. Though difficult to procure this book is essential reading for anyone who wishes to analyse what it was that did happen and who it was that were responsible.

*Rivkin, Ellis. What Crucified Jesus? London: SCM Press, 1984.

No charge against Jews has had a more disastrous effect than that which accuses them of being "Christ-killers" and/or "deicides". "Who killed Jesus?" is not the question, says Rivkin but rather what was responsible. He answers this in terms of "the Roman imperial system". The procurator was appointed by the Roman Emperor; the High Priest was an appointee of the procurator and it was he who convened the court of trial. Within the space of 80 pages Rivkin pursues this divisive issue eruditely and dispassionately.

**Rowland, Christopher. Christian Origins. An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect in Judaism. London: SPCK, 1985.

The section on "The arrest and trial of Jesus" is a small part only of this informative book (11 pages in 327). But it raises the central issue of how to read and interpret the varying gospel accounts which contain material written from a later point of view to meet changed circumstances.

7. ANTI-JUDAISM/ANTISEMITISM

**Cohn-Sherbock, Dan. The Crucified Jew. Twenty Centuries of Christian Anti-semitism. London: Harper/Collins, 1992.

A sensitive and informed reading of the history of the church in its western European setting will dispel any doubts about the veracity of the sub-title of this important scholarly survey of the topic. This is the most exhaustive one-volume treatment of the nature, rise, and development of antisemitism.

*Flannery, Edward H. The Anguish of the Jews. Twenty-Three Centuries ofAntisemitism. (Revised and updated). New York: Paulist Press, 1985.

First published in 1964 and now thoroughly revised and updated this is a seminal work. Father Flannery writes of antisemitism as "a tragedy in which Jesus participates, crucified again in the person of His people at the hand of many baptised in His name". So far as Christians and the churches are concerned this book is hard-hitting, precisely because it needs to be. Nothing less than a "change of heart" (Flannery) is necessary.

**Gager, John G. The Origins of Anti-Semitism. Attitudes Towards Judaism in Pagan and Christian Antiquity. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.

The extent of antisemitism in the pagan world before the rise of Christianity and the specifically theological contribution to its development are key issues. These are taken up by John Gager, Professor of Religion at Princeton University, in a way that does justice to their complexity. His treatment of the attitude of Paul is a valuable contribution to our understanding of the mind of the apostle to the Gentiles.

**Klein, Charlotte. Anti-Judaism in Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978.

A generation or two of Christian priests, ministers and educators have been influenced by the work of such leading European (mainly German) scholars as Debelius, Schurer, Grundmann, Bultmann, Bornkamm, Noth, Jeremias and von Balthasar. In this work the late Sister Charlotte Klein n.d.s. pinpoints those places where their writings evince clearly misleading and damaging statements on Judaism and Jews. These were made in ignorance, often from bias, and have been absorbed, perpetuated and promulgated. Fortunately, Christian theological scholarship is becoming aware of these distortions but the process needs to be expedited.

**Ruether, Rosemary R. Faith and Fratricide. The Theological Roots of Anti-semitism. New York: The Seabury Press, 1974.

This is a seminal work. The disturbing thesis advanced by Rosemary Ruether that anti-Judaism is the "left hand of Christology" is still being attended to, in various ways, by most theologians who are aware of the development of Christian doctrine as it sought to explain the Jewish response to claims about Jesus.

8. THE HOLOCAUST (SHOAH)

*Davidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews 1933-45. Harmondsworth, M'sex: Penguin Books, 1975.

This is not as demanding as the work by Hilberg. Nevertheless, it is a highly regarded and recommended examination of the mentality of Hitler and his associates and the consequences of their attitudes and actions.

*Friedman, Philip. Their Brothers' Keepers. New York: Holocaust Library, 1957.

In a sense it is the "other side" of the Holocaust presented here. There was the brutality and genocide which we have come to associate with that insufficient term but there was also, albeit in small measure, the defiance and dedication of those citizens of European countries under Nazi domination who risked, and in some cases gave, their lives to rescue Jews.

**Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. (Student edition). New York/London: Homes & Meier, 1985.

The three-volume work of which this is an abridgment is regarded as the definitive work on the Holocaust. Though very technical in places it is absorbing reading. If there is one book on the subject to be read, this is it. Of immediate interest for Christians is Chapter One, Precedents. It is here that Hilberg describes the three successive attitudes to Jews since the fourth century as: conversion, expulsion and annihilation. "You have no right to live among us as Jews... You have no right to live among us... You have no right to live:.

**Marrus, Michael R. The Holocaust in History. London: Penguin Books, 1987.

Marrus sets the preparation for the Holocaust and the destruction itself within the events of the time not just as an experience within Jewish history but as part of the modern historical consciousness. Of particular interest in his chapter on "The Bystanders" among whom were the Churches.

9. LAND/STATE OF ISRAEL

**Brueggeman, Walter. The Land. Place as Gift ,Promise, and Challenge in Biblical Faith. London: SPCK, 1978.

This is a study of the Land Tradition as it appears in the Patriarchal Narrative of the Hebrew Scripturees and unfolds during successive experiences of the Hebrew People.

**Davies, W.D. The Territorial Dimension of Judaism. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1991.

In this study, originally published in 1982 "under the direct impact of the Six Day war in 1967", one of the foremost New Testament scholars of our time examines whether it is valid to speak of the theological significance of the Land of Israel. Davies does not offer a "theology of The Land" but sets out to examine what it is that Jewish tradition, particularly as stated in the Hebrew Scriptures, has to say on the matter. This 1991 edition adds responses from seven Jewish and Christian scholars, among them Kenneth Cragg, Arthur Hertzberg, Jacob Neusner, Krister Stendahl and J.S. Whale. It concludes with Davies' own response to these contributions.

***Hoffman, Lawrence A. (ed). The Land of Israel. Jewish Perspectives.Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 1986.

This is an historical study and not a political treatise. Each contributor writes on the topic from the perspective of the evidence of the Jewish texts of the period, Bible, Philo and Josephus, Early Rabbinic Judaism and Mishnah, the medieval and modern periods. Its interest is the significance of the Land for the Jewish people and it confines itself to that.

**Kenny, Anthony John. The Catholic Jewish Dialogue and the State of Israel. Melbourne: The Council of Christians and Jews (Victoria), 1991.

Until very recently the Vatican's failure to recognize the State of Israel has been a contentious issue within Catholic/Jewish relations. This has been interpreted by Jews as a negative appraisal of Israel. What Tony Kenny, a Melbourne New Testament scholar, has argued in this work is that there are no grounds for this understandable Jewish reaction but, on the other hand, there are indications within some Catholic pronouncements of a failure to appreciate the overall centrality of Israel for continued Jewish existence even though there is no unanimous Jewish expression of this. In a way, recent events have changed the scene dramatically, viz. "The Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and Israel", but this book will remain as a definitive description of the state of affairs up to 30th December 1993.

See also:

Ragaz, Leonhard (1947) Israel, Judaism and Christianity (Prof. of Theology, Zurich)

C. BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Fisher, Eugene J. and Leon Klenicki (eds). In Our Time. The Flowering of Jewish-Catholic Dialogue. New York: Paulist Press, 1990.

Chapter V contains an excellent Annotated Bibliography of works appearing from 1975 to 1989 compiled by Eugene Fisher. It is without equal.